Graves’ Disease — What You Need to Know

What Graves’ disease is

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system stimulates the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. This leads to an overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones affect metabolism, heart rate, temperature regulation, and energy levels, which is why Graves’ disease can cause wide-ranging symptoms.

How it affects the body

When thyroid hormone levels are high, body systems speed up. People may notice palpitations, heat intolerance, sweating, tremor, anxiety, irritability, weight loss despite normal or increased appetite, sleep disturbance, diarrhoea, and muscle weakness. Menstrual changes, reduced fertility, and reduced bone strength can also occur over time if the condition is untreated.

Why symptoms vary

Not everyone experiences the same symptoms or severity. Some people notice subtle changes at first, while others feel unwell quickly. Symptoms can fluctuate, and stress, illness, pregnancy, or changes in immune activity may influence how the condition presents. Graves’ disease can also affect the eyes (thyroid eye disease), causing dryness, irritation, or a feeling of pressure behind the eyes in some people.

How Graves’ disease is diagnosed

Diagnosis usually involves blood tests showing elevated thyroid hormone levels with suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), along with markers of autoimmune activity. These results are interpreted together with symptoms and examination findings. Imaging or specialised tests may be used in some cases to confirm the diagnosis or guide management.

What management involves

Management focuses on restoring thyroid hormone levels to a safe range and monitoring for complications. Treatment options vary and may include medicines that reduce thyroid hormone production, symptom control strategies, and longer-term approaches depending on individual circumstances. Management decisions consider age, severity, eye involvement, pregnancy plans, and other health conditions.

How your GP supports care

Your GP plays a central role in recognising symptoms, arranging investigations, coordinating treatment, and providing long-term follow-up. This includes monitoring symptoms, adjusting treatment in collaboration with specialists when needed, and supporting related health areas such as heart health, bone health, mental wellbeing, and reproductive planning.

Reassurance and outlook

Graves’ disease is a well-recognised and treatable condition. With appropriate care and regular monitoring, most people achieve good symptom control and maintain a good quality of life. Understanding the condition helps you recognise changes early and work collaboratively with your GP over time.

This article provides general health information only and does not replace medical advice. Please speak with your GP for personalised care.