Mpox Explained — Transmission, Symptoms, Vaccination and Public Health Response

What mpox is

Mpox is a viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same viral family as smallpox. Although related, mpox generally causes milder illness than historical smallpox infections. Since 2022, global case numbers have increased, prompting enhanced surveillance and public health response in many countries, including Australia.

Public health declarations, such as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), reflect coordinated international monitoring rather than immediate danger for every individual. These declarations allow countries to strengthen testing, vaccination, and communication systems.

How mpox spreads

Mpox spreads primarily through close physical contact. The highest risk occurs with direct skin-to-skin contact involving rashes, lesions, scabs, or bodily fluids from an infected person. Intimate or sexual contact has played a significant role in recent outbreaks, although the virus itself is not limited to any one group.

Transmission can also occur through contact with contaminated items such as clothing, towels, or bedding. Prolonged face-to-face exposure may allow spread via respiratory droplets. In certain regions of the world, animal-to-human transmission remains possible through contact with infected wildlife.

A person is considered infectious from several days before symptoms begin until all skin lesions have healed fully and new skin has formed.

Recognising symptoms

Symptoms usually develop between 3 and 21 days after exposure. Many people first notice general symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and fatigue.

A rash commonly appears within a few days. The rash may look like small bumps, blisters, or sores and can affect the genital area, anus, mouth, face, hands, or feet. Lesions typically progress through stages before scabbing and healing. Recovery usually occurs within two to four weeks.

Some people experience discomfort from internal lesions, including rectal pain or urinary discomfort. While most infections are self-limiting, symptoms vary between individuals.

Who may experience more severe illness

Anyone can acquire mpox if exposed. However, severe complications are more likely in very young children, pregnant individuals, and people with weakened immune systems. During recent outbreaks, a substantial proportion of cases internationally have occurred among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, reflecting transmission networks rather than biological susceptibility.

Public health messaging focuses on exposure patterns rather than blame. Clear, respectful communication supports safer communities.

Vaccination and prevention

In Australia, the JYNNEOS vaccine is used to reduce the risk of infection and severe disease. Full protection requires two doses given several weeks apart. Vaccination shortly after exposure may reduce illness severity.

Eligibility criteria focus on groups with higher exposure likelihood. Public health services provide updated guidance through state and territory health departments.

Beyond vaccination, prevention centres on avoiding close contact with symptomatic individuals, practising thoughtful hygiene, and seeking medical advice early if symptoms arise.

What to do if symptoms develop

If you develop symptoms consistent with mpox, contacting your GP or a sexual health clinic before attending in person allows services to prepare appropriately. Isolation during the infectious period helps reduce spread. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through laboratory testing of lesion samples.

Most cases require supportive care only, including rest, hydration, and symptom relief. Antiviral treatment is reserved for selected cases with higher risk of complications.

Why clear information matters

Mpox updates can feel confronting, particularly when case numbers rise or new variants are discussed. Understanding how transmission works, how vaccination reduces risk, and how public health monitoring functions helps you interpret news calmly.

If you are uncertain about vaccination, exposure risk, or symptoms, discussing this with your GP provides personalised guidance in a confidential setting.

This article provides general health information only and does not replace medical advice. Please speak with your GP for personalised care.