Heat Stroke
Australia-specific warning signs, prevention, and when to seek urgent care
Why heat stroke matters in Australia
Australian summers place unique strain on the body. High ambient temperatures, radiant heat, humidity, and prolonged outdoor exposure can overwhelm normal cooling mechanisms. Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness and is a medical emergency. Early recognition saves lives, particularly during heatwaves, bushfire smoke events, and extended outdoor work or sport.
What heat stroke is
Heat stroke occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails and core temperature rises dangerously. This leads to central nervous system dysfunction, meaning changes in thinking, behaviour, or consciousness. Heat stroke differs from heat exhaustion; it is more severe and can cause organ injury if not treated promptly.
Who is at higher risk
Risk increases with older age, young children, pregnancy, chronic heart, lung, kidney, or neurological conditions, and certain medications that affect hydration or sweating. Outdoor workers, athletes, people without access to cooling, and those exposed during heatwaves or power outages are also at higher risk. Alcohol and dehydration compound danger.
Warning signs to act on immediately
Symptoms can escalate quickly. Red flags include confusion, agitation, collapse, seizures, severe headache, vomiting, hot or flushed skin, and reduced or absent sweating. If heat stroke is suspected, call emergency services (000) and begin cooling while help is on the way.
Immediate first aid while waiting for help
Move the person to shade or an air-conditioned space. Loosen clothing. Actively cool using cool packs to the neck, groin, and armpits; fan the skin; and apply cool water if available. Do not give fluids if the person is confused or not fully alert. Rapid cooling alongside urgent medical care is critical.
Prevention in Australian conditions
Prevention focuses on planning around heat. Adjust activity to cooler times of day, take regular rest breaks, wear light breathable clothing, and prioritise hydration. Use air-conditioning or community cooling centres during heatwaves. Never leave children or pets in cars, even briefly. Employers should follow heat-stress plans, and sports clubs should modify training and competition during extreme heat.
When GP follow-up helps
After recovery, GP review supports assessment of contributing factors such as medications, hydration strategies, work conditions, and underlying health risks. This helps prevent recurrence and ensures safe return to work, sport, or usual activities.
This article provides general health information only and does not replace medical advice. Please speak with your GP for personalised care.