Pelvic Pain in Women

Understanding possible causes and knowing when to see your GP

What pelvic pain means

Pelvic pain refers to discomfort felt in the lower abdomen or pelvis, between the belly button and the hips. It can be sudden or gradual, constant or intermittent, mild or severe. Pelvic pain is a symptom rather than a diagnosis, and it can arise from gynaecological, urinary, bowel, musculoskeletal, or nerve-related causes. Because many organs and structures share this space, careful assessment matters.

How pelvic pain can present

Pelvic pain varies widely. Some women notice cramping linked to the menstrual cycle. Others describe a dull ache, sharp stabbing pain, pressure, or pain during movement, intercourse, or bowel motions. Pain may worsen with activity, stress, or certain positions, or it may occur without a clear trigger. These patterns offer useful clues during assessment.

Common and often manageable causes

Menstrual-related pain is common, particularly in younger women, and often responds to simple measures. Ovulation pain, bladder irritation, constipation, and pelvic floor muscle tension also contribute. Musculoskeletal causes, such as hip or lower back problems, can refer pain into the pelvis and are frequently overlooked.

When gynaecological conditions are considered

Conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids, ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, and adenomyosis may cause pelvic pain. Symptoms can overlap, and pain severity does not always match the degree of visible change on scans. Hormonal stage, reproductive history, and response to previous treatments help guide evaluation.

Bowel, bladder, and nerve contributors

Irritable bowel patterns, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary tract conditions, and bladder pain syndromes may all cause pelvic discomfort. Nerve-related pain often feels burning, shooting, or electric and may follow surgery, injury, or prolonged muscle tension. These causes require different management approaches than menstrual pain alone.

Patterns that should prompt GP review

You should see your GP if pelvic pain is severe, persistent, worsening, or interfering with daily life. Pain associated with fever, abnormal bleeding, pain during intercourse, unintentional weight loss, pregnancy, or sudden onset requires timely assessment. Ongoing pain that affects work, sleep, or emotional wellbeing also deserves review.

How your GP helps

Your GP takes a whole-person approach, considering your symptoms, menstrual history, contraception, sexual health, bowel and bladder patterns, and overall wellbeing. Examination and targeted tests may be recommended. Importantly, your GP coordinates care, supports symptom control, and refers appropriately when specialist input is needed.

This article provides general health information only and does not replace medical advice. Please speak with your GP for personalised care.