Ear Wax — What You Need to Know and When to See Your GP

What ear wax is and why it exists

Ear wax, also called cerumen, is a normal substance produced by glands in the ear canal. It helps protect the ear by trapping dust, debris, and microorganisms, and it has natural antibacterial properties. In most people, ear wax gradually moves outward on its own and does not require removal.

When ear wax becomes a problem

Ear wax becomes an issue when it builds up and blocks the ear canal. This is called ear wax impaction. Symptoms may include reduced hearing, a blocked or full sensation, earache, ringing in the ear, dizziness, itching, or cough. Some people are more prone to build-up, including those who use hearing aids or earbuds, have narrow ear canals, or regularly insert objects into the ear.

Why cleaning the ear can make things worse

Cotton buds, tissues, hairpins, and other objects often push wax deeper rather than removing it. This increases the risk of blockage, irritation, infection, and damage to the ear canal or eardrum. The ear is self-cleaning, and routine internal cleaning is usually unnecessary.

When to see your GP

See your GP if you have persistent hearing changes, discomfort, pain, discharge, dizziness, or ringing in the ears. Sudden hearing loss, severe pain, or discharge — especially if associated with fever or trauma — needs prompt medical review. Children and people with previous ear surgery should not attempt self-treatment.

How your GP can help

Your GP can examine your ears safely and confirm whether symptoms are due to wax or another cause, such as infection or middle ear problems. Management may include advice on softening wax, safe removal techniques, or referral if needed. Importantly, not all ear symptoms are caused by wax, which is why assessment matters.

Reassurance and ear health

Ear wax is normal and protective. Problems arise only when it blocks the ear canal or causes symptoms. With appropriate assessment and care, ear wax issues are usually straightforward to manage.

This article provides general health information only and does not replace medical advice. Please speak with your GP for personalised care.